1. What is trust?
   1. Not easily defined
   2. Obviously rrelational
   3. Includesnotions such as
      1. Willingness of one to be vulnerable to the action of another
      2. Reasonable expectation that trustee with behave in a beneficial way
      3. Risk of harm to the trust or if trustee does not behave accordinly
      4. Absence of enforcement or control
   4. A belief that others t worst will not knowingly or willingly do you harm and at best will act in your interests
   5. Can be culturally determined by networks and connections
      1. Eg like mafia networks in films
      2. High levels of trusting participation
      3. Michael porter, the competitive advantage of nations
   6. Also determined by experience e.g. George Bush sir, MPs expenses, tuition fee page etc
   7. Fukuyama, trust and the social virtues
2. Why is trust an important political concept?
   1. Essential ingredient of civilised social and political life
   2. Low eels of political trust we an indicator of political disaffection
      1. Tough not necessarily a link to regime change - you can be very distrustful of a regime but not revolutionarily so.
   3. Trust links to key ideas such as support and legitimacy
   4. Connection between trust, support and legitimacy links to the theme of political and civic culture
   5. Role of voluntary organisations is seen as particularly important
3. Dimensions of trust
   1. Two forms: social trust and political trust
      1. Social trust: trust that exists between family members, friends ad your social circles
      2. Politicaltrust
         1. The political community
            1. A diffuse attachment to the idea of the nation and a willingness to cooperate politically
         2. Political regime
            1. Refers to principles or values such as belief in a particular form of government
         3. Political authorities
            1. Levels of trust in specific institutions and actors and may reveal rising and falling levels of confidence
         4. Once you get distrust rising through these levels of political trust you start to have trouble for the regime
            1. So in order to break the state you need to undermine all three
            2. But equally democracy is not about trust - it's about not being able to trust each here's to uphold their side of a bargain and forcing theirs to do so via the democracy
4. Social capital
   1. Relies hevily on the idea of trust
   2. Putnam emphasised eye relationship between high levels of social capital and political engagement and stressed she link between both factors and the quality of democratic life
   3. In his work on Italian local government he found tha clearest determinant of governmental success was civic involvement
   4. A correlation between hgh voter turnout, high ewsoaoeer readership and high involvement in voluntary organisations resulted and good quality and effective public administration
5. What is political particpation
   1. Difficult to define
   2. Voluntary actions through which people seek to influence public policy
      1. Yet not necessarily "voluntary" - we would not say Australia is non-democratic, non-political just because they make voting compulsory
   3. Distinction between voluntary and coerced action is important for democratic/non-democratic refimes
   4. What do we include Ian definition
   5. What do you think are legitimate forms of political participation
   6. Inclusive definition of political. Participation
      1. Parry et all, 1992:16 suggests political participation consists of taking part in the process of formulation passage and implementation of public policies. It is concerned with action by ctizens which is aimed at influencing decisions taken by public representatives or officials.
         1. To shape attitudes of decision makers
         2. Takes account the multitude of possibilities both in terms of the ange of actions and their variation of occurrence across different systems
         3. Political participation is not just about success in influencing outcomes...as it often leads to failure
         4. How about non-overtly political actions - like particular types of arts, music, books etc.n
   7. Why is it important
      1. Involvement in collective decision making is both an obligation owed to the community and an exercise in personal development
      2. Lends legitimacy
      3. Universal participation could be a sign of unsolved tension within the political system
   8. Forms of political participation
      1. Most conventional forms. Birch 1993
         1. Voting
         2. Canvassing
         3. Party membership
         4. Intst group membership
         5. Protest/demonstartion
         6. Civil disobedience
         7. Public service
         8. Community service
         9. Candidate for office
      2. Hierarchy of political participation - milbarth participation in politics
         1. Gladiators
            1. Active in some way beyond just voting - might be party membership, active campaigning etc
            2. Political participation is a minority sport - the usual suspects are less Alan one per cent.
            3. Doesn't that worry the consensus type anarchists?
         2. Spectators
            1. They tend to participate from opting to letter writing, but not perhaps demonstrating etc
         3. Apathetics
            1. Not quite "can't be bothered" as much as no developed sense of political world. Non participation is not apathy though.
      3. Problems with the hierarchical model of participation
         1. Too simple a classification?
         2. Political participation is more varied than he model suggests
         3. Decline in narrow participatory behaviour dos not necessarily indicate a fall in wider political interest and engagement
         4. Too hierarchical
         5. Specialisation within political participation?
            1. Why is there a very high turnover of involvement in non-political bodies such as Amnesty when political parties tend to have loyal following? Power and influence? Despite the fact thy a political party will get you to do a lot more active things! BUT fewer peels running for parliament for example have the same political expense as previously - fewer concillors, unionists etc.
         6. Alternative categorisation
            1. Protestors
            2. Is all violence on a personal level political?
            3. Community activists
            4. Party and campaign workers
            5. Communicators
            6. Cntactors
            7. Voters
            8. Inactive