1. Introduction
   1. Very different from Britain
      1. Lagged behind on adoption of capitalism
      2. But were ahead in development of democracy
   2. Marked by violent conflict and contentious development
      1. But similar outcomes in the end
   3. Important critical junctures but very different timing
      1. Very different socio economic contexts
2. Framework of development
   1. Landed upper class did not turn to commercial agriculture
      1. Feudal structures left intact
      2. Peasant poverty per- and post- Revolution
   2. Lack of economic bases for a fundamental change
      1. E.g the English wool trade had no equivalent
         1. Wine e.g. Is a finished consumer good, limited opportunities to expand/profit in different ways
      2. Urban bourgeoisie bought out distressed rural nobility but did not bring new agricultural capitalism.
      3. The power of the monarch was much stronger than, say, Britain.
         1. Which limited the power of the nobility
         2. Crown wanted a nobility that was strong and prosperous and could keep peasants under control by proxy, but not powerful enough or with an independent economic base
         3. Whilst in Britain the impulses for change came from rural development, in France it was urban enlightenment society
            1. So it didn't really trouble the old social order
            2. Common pastures were abolished in 1889
   3. Then came the Revolution
      1. Royal absolutism had gone too far
      2. Very limited capitalist impulses increased peasant hostility to the old order
      3. Demand for some principal rights of citizenship
      4. Creeping capitalist change twisted the old order and so also the privileged classes turned against the monarchy (Barrington Moore)
      5. But the Revolution was not a shared mission either for or against capitalism. It was a political. Revolution against a common enemy of both peasant and oligarch
         1. Critical junctures: storming of the Bastille
            1. Led to abolition of the National Assembly on 4th August
            2. And the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
         2. Consequences: France became a modern society, but not a capitalist one necessarily. Straight from feudalism to democracy.
         3. Principle of popular sovereignty
            1. All worthy and responsible citizens should enjoy state protection and participate in the direct governing of the nation
            2. But setting out the principals is just the start
            3. Actual implementation of universal participation happened over time - till at l east 1848
            4. Women not enfranchised until 1946
3. Development of democracy
   1. But French democracy is challenged, contested and attacked for decades:
      1. First empire
         1. Napoleon, 1804-1814
      2. Bourbon restoration
         1. 1814-1830
      3. July monarchy
         1. Louis Phillippe, 1830-1848
      4. Second republic
         1. 1848 - revolution to 1852
      5. Second empire
         1. Napoleon III takes empire through. To Franco- Prussian war in 1871
      6. Charles Tilly writes about 18 revolutionary situations in France from 1648-2000
         1. Hence "The Contentious French"
   2. Democratic development accelerated from founding of. Te Third Republic from 1870
      1. 1875 new constitutional laws
      2. Creation of presidency and division with prime minster of responsibilities
      3. Elections in 1878
4. French conception of citizenship
   1. Strong version of citizenship
      1. Direct rule: unified territory in which the government reaches from the national centre to locality and back??????
      2. Didn't create democracy but promoted it.
      3. Helped to create a movement toward ever greater participation - less like the once in a parliament consultation of a general election
   2. Republican values:
      1. Anyone who accepted the republican values could become French. A state for all people.
         1. Political citizenship rather than ethno-centric like in Germany.
            1. Jus soli - law of the land
            2. Versus jus sanguinis: blood/ethnic based state
   3. Citizenship based on democratic values
      1. Emphasis on the political definitions of people
         1. Could that lead to a tyranny of its own?
   4. Contention at the heart of French politics
      1. Goes together with republicanism and the openly contested political space
      2. Republican conception of citizenship makes this possible? Jeffersonian ward republics.
5. Conclusion
   1. Transition did not come through capitalism as in Britain
   2. Transition happened late
   3. Violent development and revolutionary situations
      1. Absolutism
      2. Antagonism between people and crown
      3. Republican citizenship emphasised by its political aspects