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Heart
- Heart size
- Left ventricle undergoes most changes
- Internal dimensions increases in response to increase in ventricular filling ie. ↑ distensibility
- Wall thickness increases due to increase in strength
ie. ↑ contractility
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Heart Rate
- RHR decreases with training
- Sedentary – decrease by 1 bpm per week during initial training
- HR submaximal – decrease is by 20-40 bpm after 6 months of training
- HR maximal slightly decreases because optimum SV to maximize cardiac output
- HR recovery decreases with training, suitable indicator to monitor progress, but not suitable for comparison between individuals
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Cardiac Output
- Slight change during rest & submaximal exercises
- Increases during maximal exercises because increased in SV
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Blood Volume
- Endurance training causes increased in blood volume, due to increased in plasma volume which is one of the most significant effects of training
- Increased in rbc, but increased in plasma volume is >, therefore > fluid, hence decreased in blood viscosity, therefore increased in blood circulation
- Plasma volume increases because increased in SV & VO2max
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Blood Flow
- Increase capillarization
- Increase opening of existing capillaries
- Increase in blood redistribution
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Stroke Volume
- Endurance training causes SV to increase during rest, submaximal and maximal exercises
- Increased in EDV due to increased in blood plasma, also due to increased in contractility of the heart
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Blood Pressure
- Resting BP decreases with endurance training in borderline cases
- Endurance training causes little or no effect on BP during submax & max exercises