1. Robert Kaplan 1991 - Robert Cox
2. Energy and resources in international politics
   1. Hydrocarbon age
      1. Oil and gas
      2. Central to IPE
      3. Strategic resource
      4. Interdependency
         1. For example, different states' needs for oil need to be matched by supplies from somewhere, that are probably already used b someone else.
      5. Internationalisation
      6. Domestic/foreign policy
         1. E.g. Libya conflict showed impact of hydrocarbon supplies on NATO members' foreign policy.
      7. Hydrocarbons and the IR discipline
         1. Not focused upon in IR studies till now.
   2. History and role in int pol
      1. Oil has been a resource for millennia
      2. Kerosene
         1. Discovery of ways to distill oil into other products created a huge change in market
      3. Azerbaijan and the US
      4. Standard Oil, Royal Dutch Shell
      5. Electrification and the initial combustion engine
         1. Electrification reduces the market for oil in lamps, then the invention of mass produced cars created a new market for it.
      6. WW1 and the Royal Navy
         1. Churchills switch from coal power to oil power was significance.
      7. Major oil discoveries in the 20-30s
         1. Texas, Venezuela and then Saudi and then Iran.
      8. WW2 as a strategic resource
         1. Made oil producing areas, like the Caucuses, prime targets for e.g. German war effort
      9. Seven sisters, Exxon, Chevron, BP, Shell, Texaco, Mobil, Elf.
         1. Renationalisation of production
         2. Creation of OPEC
         3. Oil shock in which Arab dominated OPEC put embargo on exports to countries supporting Israel
         4. Decline of OPEC
         5. Changing consumption patterns
         6. Rising demand from developing nations like China, and new production through newly privatised Russian sector
            1. China is itself a massive oil producer but still a net importer
   3. Petro states
      1. Rentier economies
         1. Receives around half of its GDP from oths buying/exploiting natural sources.
      2. Resource curse/paradox of plenty
         1. There appears to be a link between natural source wealth and governance problems.
      3. Link with autocracy
      4. Iran, Saudi Arabia, Algeria, Libya
         1. We have to deal with these regimes however badly. May think they are governed
      5. State formation
         1. If a state already exists with good governance it can avoid Dutch Disease. But for fledgling states the discovery creates opportunities for petty autocrats.
      6. Resource Nationlism
         1. Well over 75% of oil production is through nationalised companies.
   4. Energy security
      1. Security of supply
      2. Security of demand - energy exporting states need demand to continue
      3. Economic security
      4. Political security
      5. Environmental security
      6. Day-to-day insecurity
      7. Not just a state-led phenomena
   5. Resource scarcity and resource wars
      1. Resource wars
         1. Michael Klare, resource wars
      2. Increasing global population
      3. Global demand
      4. Energy as a Foreign Policy weapon
      5. Gulf war 1991
      6. Afghanistan 2002
      7. Iraq war 2003
      8. Libya 2011
   6. Beyond hydrocarbons
      1. What are the alternatives to oil addiction
      2. How can international actors manage our dependence on oil
      3. What has been the impact
3. Making sense of the environment in world politics
   1. Introduction
      1. How does international community respond to environmental issues
      2. Large environmental movement since sixties
      3. Reaction to issues created by oil addiction
      4. Quite a modern "worry" - see Thatcher quote
      5. Difficulty of state centric approaches confronting a Trans-national phenomenon. Ie that pollution doesn't recognise borders.
      6. Problems of collective action and the tragedy of the commons
      7. International regimes - multilateral environmental agreements.
   2. Global environmental problems
      1. Local prolems
         1. Like London's Great Smogs
      2. Regional problems
         1. E.g. Acid rain, deforestation
      3. Global problems
         1. Ozone depletion
         2. Is the development of new nations a regional local or global issue? If they affect competition with other countries?
      4. Alternative/critical view
         1. Local/global not clear cut. Social, political, cultural, structures rathe than geographical "levels"
   3. Global environmental management
      1. Over 100 year history of international action
         1. 1909 international congress for protection of nature
         2. 1946 international convention for regulation of whaling
         3. 1959 Antarctic treaty
         4. 1970s onwards saw a proliferation of MEAs. partly a result of new environmental awareness.
      2. 1972 Stockholm conference on the environment
         1. Principles for environmental cooperation
         2. Creation of UNEP
         3. Environment and development
            1. "sustainable development" development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Brundtland report.
      3. UNCED - United National Conference on Environment and Development (The Rio Earth Summit
         1. 172 governments, 2400 NGOs, 17000 parallel NGO forum, 10000 journalists (clearly international travel was too easy and cheap!)
         2. Outcomes
            1. Agenda 21
            2. Financial commitments from developed countries
            3. Improving the science and research capabilities in relation to the environment
            4. Rio declaration on environment and development
            5. Statement of forest principles
            6. UN convention on climate change
            7. UN convention on biological diversity
      4. Rio plus ten. 2002 Johannesburg summit
      5. Rio plus 20! 2012 back in Rio
         1. Agenda: secure renewed commitment, green economy
      6. MEAs - multilateral environmental agreements have become the normal ways of dealing with issues.
         1. Focus on institutional effectiveness.
   4. Conceptualising environmental issues
   5. Concluding remarks