1. Summative
   1. Definition: Summative assessments are used to evaluate student learning, skill acquisition, and academic achievement at the conclusion of a defined instructional period—typically at the end of a project, unit, course, semester, program, or school year.
   2. Purpose: The goal of summative assessment is to evaluate student learning at the end of an instructional unit by comparing it against some standard or benchmark.
   3. Advantages: - They provide motivation for students to study and pay attention in class, particularly as they get older and grades become a major indicator of success in college or the working world.
   4. Disadvantages: - Precisely because summative assessments reflect so closely on teacher performance, many instructors are accused of “teaching to the test.” - Summative assessments are not always the most accurate reflection of learning due to the fact that sometimes even the brightest students make mistakes due to being nervous.
   5. Summative assessments are an assessment OF learning because they are used as a final measure to check a student’s understanding of a complete unit or course.
   6. Examples of assessment for a third grade classroom: - Unit tests - Final projects
2. Performance-based
   1. Definition: Performance-based learning and assessment represent a set of strategies for the acquisition and application of knowledge, skills, and work habits through the performance of tasks that are meaningful and engaging to students.
   2. Purpose: Performance-based assessment measures how well students can apply or use what they know, often in real-world situations.
   3. Advantages: - Using a student-centered design can promote student motivation - Can be used to assess transfer of skills and integration of content - Engages student in active learning - Can place faculty more in a mentor role than as judge - Can be summative or formative - Can provide an avenue for student self-assessment and reflection - Can promote student creativity - Usually the most valid way of assessing skill development
   4. Disadvantages: - Usually the mostly costly approach - Time consuming and labor intensive to design and execute for faculty and students - Must be carefully designed if used to document obtainment of student learning outcomes - Ratings can be more subjective - Requires careful training of raters
   5. Since this type of testing can be both formative and summative, then this can be OF and FOR learning. Instructors can use it to identify any gaps in learning and they can also use it to learn about whether students have acquired a skill or not.
   6. Examples of assessment for a third grade classroom: - Mini projects that use the skills being taught in class. For example a building project that requires students to use area and perimeter. - Oral presentations - Problem solving scenarios that force students to brainstorm and plan for a solution
3. self-assessment
   1. Definition: Self-assessment requires students to reflect on their own work and judge how well they have performed in relation to the assessment criteria.
   2. Purpose: It provides opportunities for students to be able to identify what constitutes a good or poor piece of work. The key to self-assessment is self-reflection
   3. Advantages: - Encourages student involvement and responsibility. - Encourages students to reflect on their role and contribution to the learning process. - Focuses on the development of student’s judgment skills.
   4. Disadvantages: - Potentially increases lecturer workload by needing to brief students on the process as well as on-going guidance on performing self evaluation. - Self evaluation has a risk of being perceived as a process of presenting inflated grades and being unreliable. - Students feel ill equipped to undertake the assessment.
   5. I believe that self-assessment is an assessment FOR learning as it helps students reflect on what they know and identify steps for improvement and further learning.
   6. Examples of assessment for a third grade classroom: - Self-assessments can come in the form of a survey or a written reflection.
4. peer assessment
   1. Definition: Peer assessment involves students taking responsibility for assessing the work of their peers against set assessment criteria.
   2. Purpose: It allows students to be engaged in providing feedback to their peers (sometimes referred to as peer review), summative grades or a combination of the two.
   3. Advantages: - Agreed marking criteria means there can be little confusion about assignment outcomes and expectations. - Encourages student involvement and responsibility. - Focuses on the development of student’s judgment skills. - Students are involved in the process and are encouraged to take part ownership of this process. - Provides more relevant feedback to students as it is generated by their peers.
   4. Disadvantages: - The process has a degree of risk with respect to reliability of grades as peer pressure to apply elevated grades or friendships may influence the assessment. - Students will have a tendency to award everyone the same mark. - Students feel ill equipped to undertake the assessment. - Students may be reluctant to make judgments regarding their peers. - At the other extreme students may be discriminated against if students ‘gang up’ against one group member.
   5. I believe that this is an assessment FOR learning as it helps students learn about how they can further improve their work from the perspective of an equal.
   6. Examples of assessment for a third grade classroom: - Students can grade a peers presentation or project using a rubric.
5. Citation
   1. Citation for Activity 1 Student Assessments .docx
6. Authentic
   1. Definition: A form of assessment in which students are asked to perform real-world tasks that demonstrate meaningful application of essential knowledge and skills.
   2. Purpose: Authentic assessment helps students learn how to apply their skills to authentic tasks and projects. It focuses on students' analytical skills; ability to integrate what they learn; creativity; ability to work collaboratively; and written and oral expression skills. It values the learning process as much as the finished product.
   3. Advantages: - Leads to Improved Teaching and Learning - Views Learning as a Process
   4. Disadvantages: - Informal development of the assessments and difficulty in ensuring test validity and reliability given the subjective nature of human scoring rubrics as compared to computers scoring multiple-choice test items.
   5. I think it is designed to be an assessment FOR learning since it depends on students applying their skills and knowledge to projects that help them in improving and expanding on their skills.
   6. Examples of assessment for a third grade classroom: - Do science experiments - Write stories and reports - Solve math problems that have real-world applications
7. high-stakes
   1. Definition: A high-stakes test is any test used to make important decisions about students, educators, schools, or districts, most commonly for the purpose of accountability—i.e., the attempt by federal, state, or local government agencies and school administrators to ensure that students are enrolled in effective schools and being taught by effective teachers.
   2. Purpose: “high stakes” test scores are used to determine punishments (such as sanctions, penalties, funding reductions, negative publicity), accolades (awards, public celebration, positive publicity), advancement (grade promotion or graduation for students), or compensation (salary increases or bonuses for administrators and teachers).
   3. Advantages: - It can help teachers create a specific learning plan for each student. - Test results are almost always publicly available. - High stakes testing improves a child’s test-taking abilities. - It emphasizes specific subjects that are universally needed. - Tests that are standardized are tests that don’t discriminate.
   4. Disadvantages: - It can cause children to repeat grade levels or deny a diploma. - Some students don’t engage with learning in this fashion. - It creates high levels of anxiety within the student. - Creativity is removed from the classroom.
   5. High Stakes tests are an assessment OF learning because they are used to test what students already know about a specific subject.
   6. Examples of assessment for a third grade classroom: - Standardized testing such as MAP testing.
8. Portfolio
   1. Definition: Portfolio assessment is an evaluation tool used to document student learning through a series of student-developed artifacts.
   2. Purpose: The goal is to help students assemble portfolios that illustrate their talents, represent their writing capabilities, and tell their stories of school achievement.
   3. Advantages: - Promoting student self-evaluation, reflection, and critical thinking. - Providing flexibility in measuring how students accomplish their learning goals. - Enabling teachers and students to share the responsibility for setting learning goals and for evaluating progress toward meeting those goals. - Facilitating cooperative learning activities, including peer evaluation and tutoring, cooperative learning groups, and peer conferencing.
   4. Disadvantages: - Requiring extra time to plan an assessment system and conduct the assessment. - Gathering all of the necessary data and work samples can make portfolios bulky and difficult to manage. - Developing a systematic and deliberate management system is difficult, but this step is necessary in order to make portfolios more than a random collection of student work. - Scoring portfolios involves the extensive use of subjective evaluation procedures such as rating scales and professional judgment, and this limits reliability.
   5. Portfolios are an assessment OF learning because they include a collection of student work and data that reflects their learning process.
   6. Examples of assessment for a third grade classroom: - A time capsule that includes important student work and data
9. Formative
   1. Definition: Formative assessment is a range of formal and informal assessment procedures conducted by teachers during the learning process in order to modify teaching and learning activities to improve student attainment.
   2. Purpose: The goal of formative assessment is to monitor student learning to provide ongoing feedback that can be used by instructors to improve their teaching and by students to improve their learning.
   3. Advantages: - Teachers are able to adjust instruction as needed. - Students receive immediate feedback. - Teachers have to do less reteaching at the end because many of the problems with mastery are addressed before final tests.
   4. Disadvantages: - If formative assessment isn’t done correctly and if the correct data isn’t collected, it can be a waste of valuable classroom time. - Due to the fact that it is not graded, some students may not take it as seriously as a summative assessment.
   5. It is an assessment FOR learning because it is used to determine the direction of learning and identify any gaps early in the learning process.
   6. Examples of assessment for a third grade classroom: - Exits slips - Writing summaries - Using thumbs up or thumbs down to check for understanding - Mini quizzes - Class discussions.
10. Diagnostic
    1. Definition: Diagnostic assessment is a type of assessment, which examines what a student, knows and can do prior to a learning program being implemented.
    2. Purpose: The purpose of a diagnostic assessment is to help teachers learn about a student’s background knowledge and determine in which direction should learning happen.
    3. Advantages: - They provide information on a student’s prior knowledge - Allows for better differentiation plans for the students
    4. Disadvantages: - It may cause an educator to make incorrect inferences about a child's ability level.
    5. It is an assessment FOR learning because it is used to determine a student’s next steps.
    6. Examples of assessment for a third grade classroom: - worksheets - surveys - short activities - a quick Q & A.