1. concept
   1. includes
      1. stack
      2. heap
      3. data
      4. code / text
   2. job & process
      1. I/O bound
      2. CPU bound
   3. changes state as it executes
      1. new
      2. running
      3. waiting
      4. ready
      5. terminated
   4. process control block (PCB)
      1. context switch
2. scheduling
   1. Queues
      1. job Q
      2. ready Q
      3. device Q
   2. Scheduler
      1. Long-term
         1. load from disk to mem
         2. slow
         3. control the degree of multiprogramming initially
      2. short-term, in mem
         1. fast
         2. im mem
      3. medium term
         1. remove & load from mem to disk
         2. control the degree of multiprogramming after
3. operations
   1. process creation
      1. tree of processes
      2. resource sharing
      3. execute concurrently
   2. process termination
      1. exit
      2. abort
         1. cascading termination
4. cooperating processes
   1. independent processes
   2. cooperating
      1. advantages
         1. info. sharing
         2. computation speed up
         3. modularity
         4. convenience
5. interprocess communication
   1. Message passing
      1. establish communication link
      2. exchanges via send/receive
      3. message buffering
         1. 0 capacity
         2. bounded capacity
         3. unbounded capacity
   2. shared mem