1. Designer Characteristics
   1. Ability to Communicate
   2. Ability to Gain Participation
   3. Ability to Reflect Design Experience
   4. Design Expertise & Competence
2. General Approaches to Design
   1. Instructional Systems Design
   2. Message Design
   3. Motivational Design
   4. Participatory Design
   5. Rapid Prototyping
   6. Recursive, Reflective Design
3. Object of Analysis
   1. Authentic Tasks
   2. Cognitive Tasks
   3. Content and Concepts
   4. Context and Environment
   5. Job, Task and Performance
   6. Learner Characteristics
   7. Organization and Cost
   8. Performance Gaps
   9. Problems and Problem Causes
4. Design Tasks
   1. Create Behavioral Objectives
   2. Create Performance Goals
   3. Create or Select Noninstructional Interventions
   4. Create or Select Learner Guidance Activities
   5. Create or Select Instructional Strategies
   6. Plan for Assessment and Evaluation of Learning & Performance
   7. Select Media to Implement Strategies
   8. Sequence Instruction
5. Types of Assessment and Evaluation
   1. Confirmative Evaluation
   2. Criterion-Referenced Test Items
   3. Formative Evaluation
   4. Goal-Free and Open-Ended Assessment
   5. Summative Evaluation
6. Multmedia Design & Development
   1. Create Learning Objects
   2. Create Online Learning
   3. Direct Student Attention
   4. Use Computer-Based Design Tools
   5. Use Visual Language