1. Democracy needs to be contested, and liberal democracy and citizenship provide a vehicle by which his can happen peacefully!
2. What is citizenship?
   1. Rights, duties, participation, identity
      1. Four "moments" of citizenship
      2. Civil, legal, social and political rights
   2. Citizenship traditions in different cultures
      1. Liberal conception
         1. Emphasis on individual freedom
            1. Different groups fight for this position, like Liberty
         2. Citizens are external to the state
         3. Citizenship accepted conditionally
            1. But there's really no way of refusing those conditions!
      2. Aristotelian tradition
         1. Individuality derives from and is determined in terms of society
         2. State not the necessary evil
            1. More like an "enabling force" for the good life
            2. Communitarian point of view
      3. Also there are individual national variations of the idea of citizenship
         1. So the UK and the USA have different ideas and details within the broadly liberal tradition
   3. Development of citizenship rights
   4. Citizenship and equality
      1. In theory, citizenship is based on the idea of equality between all citizens
         1. But what sort of equality?
            1. Oportunity
            2. Outcome
      2. However it is an instrument of social (en)closure
      3. Discrimination between members and non-members
         1. Within the community discrimination arises through society and it's members, not citizenship as such
   5. Touraine says "the term citizenship refers directly to the nation-state"
      1. Also participation in the management of society
      2. Some kind of contact between state and society
         1. Define society
         2. Define state
   6. State and citizenship is an instrument of social closure
      1. On two levels - territorially and nation-state
         1. Territorial shields affluent states from the migrant poor
         2. Discriminates between citizens and resident aliens
         3. The balance between Territorials dn nation state varies between traditions of citizenship concept
3. Components of citizenship
   1. Rights
      1. Rights fundamental to citizenship as a means of closure
         1. Recognition of differences between membes and non-membes
      2. Conferred by the state as the citizenship authority
         1. Civil, political and social rights
            1. Where does it get these abilities from?********
   2. Duties
      1. Citizenship is both relational and reciprocal
         1. Thestate confers rights but also requires duties or obligations for its citizens
         2. The state has also the right to penalise for non-compliance
      2. Citizens have a legal duty to the state
         1. But also to the community to which the citizens can feel responsibility
   3. Identity
      1. If people feel as if they don't belong they probably don't take citizenship very seriously
      2. Without an understanding of sociological issues of belonging, recognition and solidarity we cannot adequately address the political issues of status, rights and equality (Isin and Wood, 1999:13)
      3. National identity
      4. Language of citizenship
         1. Cultural foundations of citizenship
   4. Participation
      1. Democracy a prerequisite for modern citizenship
         1. Exercising the civil, political and social rights within democratic context
         2. Citizenship can flourish throught democracy
         3. Democracy can also accommodate different group identities within a national context
      2. Citizens govern and are being governed
         1. Citizens need to have some internal duty of governing
         2. If citizens stop participating bad people can get to be in charge.
4. Expansion of citizenship rights
   1. T H Marshall
      1. Civil rights of 18th century
      2. Political rights in 19th centuryi
      3. Social rights in 20th century
   2. Unified concept consisting of three parts
      1. A "matrix" of citizenship
   3. Basic legal changes to extend civil rights
      1. Evolutionary and relatively peaceful
      2. Equality before the law
   4. A natural continuation to civil rights
      1. E.g. Some we're members of the community but had no rights to representation
      2. Growing demands for citizenship and political rights came from community and political awareness.
         1. People get more education and understand their rights and start demanding them
      3. This represented a threat to the capitalist system.
         1. Should you crush these movements, or appease them? New development of social rights was an attempted answer.