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GRE写作

此为李笑来老师的AWA简明教程的总结整理 原地址：http://goo.gl/pz4A ©D_Sunset Follow me on Twitter:http://twitter.com/D_sunset My Blog:http://blog.sonlies.com

1. 论证的要素

   1. 根据(Ground)

      1. 理由(Reasons)

      2. 证据(Evidences)

         1. 事实 (Facts)

         2. 数据(Data)

         3. 个人经验(Personal Experience)

         4. 专家意见(Expert Opinions)

         5. 个案研究(Case Studies)

      3. 类比(Analogies)

      4. 前提假设(Premises)

   2. 结论(Conclusion)

      1. 范畴与条件(Scopes and Conditions)

2. Issue Task

   针对题目中的陈述发表自己的看法（即，你自己的结论），而后加以合理地论证（45分钟之内完成，大约550-650词左右的篇幅）

   1. 本质

      1. 形式

         1. agree absolutely with the claim, disagree completely, or agree with some parts and not others

         2. question the assumptions the statement seems to be making

         3. qualify any of its terms, especially if the way you define or apply a term is important to developing your perspective on the issue

         4. point out why the claim is valid in some situations but not in others

         5. evaluate points of view that contrast with your own perspective

         6. develop your position with reasons that are supported by several relevant examples or by a single extended example

      2. 说服力 (persuasive writing)

         1. 独立思考能力 (critical thinking skills)

         2. 必要的辩护

            1. 考虑“如何为自己的立场可 能面对的质疑进行辩护”

               1. 别人会用什么样的理由质疑 或者反驳我的观点？

               2. 我应该怎样回应那些可能的质疑？

      3. 基本要素

         1. 合理且现实可行的结论

         2. 翔实可靠并论述清楚的根据

         3. 针对可能的质疑进行辩护

      1. The Issue task is an exercise in critical thinking and persuasive writing … The Issue task is meant to assess the persuasive writing skills that you have developed throughout your education.

   2. 起点

      1. 给题目中的陈述加上 “范围或条件”(Scope or Conditions)

         1. 可以为其中的名词加上一些 必要的范围或者属性上的限定

            1. 范围限定：“few, some, more, most”等

            2. 属性限定：在名词前面加上恰 当的形容词，如“effective and efficient methods”

            3. 绝对限定：有时也是恰当的， 如“all, every, none”等

         2. 可以为动词加上必要的限定

            1. 副词限定：“seldom, often, usually, sometimes, partly, mostly, not necessarily”等

            2. 绝对限定：如“never, always”等

         3. 可以给整个句子加上限定条件

            1. 状语限定：“in most cases…, more often than not…”之类

            2. 状语从句限定：“when…”、“whenever…”、 “if…”、“while…”、“whereas…”之类

      2. 例子

         1. Tradition and modernization are incompatible. One must choose between them.

            1. More often than not, tradition and modernization are more or less incompatible, one have to compromise oneself to make a delicate balance.

         2. The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority.

            1. True well-being of a harmonious society would be enhanced when many of its people question authority by proper means when necessary.

         3. Artists should pay little attention to their critics. Criticism tends to undermine and constrain the artist’s creativity.

            1. Almost all Artists often have to pay at least some attention to their critics, but they should remember undermining and constraining their creativity is not the primary purpose of criticism.

   3. 注意

      1. 不要背“范文“或所谓的“高级材料“

      2. 绝对不要使用“模板”

      3. 素材积累

   1. 写出来的作文是否能得高分，与这个炮制出来的结论无关，与考 生在作文中为这个“结论”（Conclusion）提供的“根据”（Ground） 质量有关

3. 重要的名词

   1. argument

      1. a claim or a set of claims with reasons and evidence offered as support; a line of reasoning meant to demonstrate the truth or falsehood of something

   2. conclusion

      1. the end point reached by a line of reasoning, valid if the reasoning is sound; the resulting assertion

   3. analysis

      1. the process of breaking something (e.g., an argument) down into its component parts in order to understand how they work together to make up the whole; also a presentation, usually in writing, of the results of this process

   4. assumption

      1. a belief, often unstated or unexamined, that someone must hold in order to maintain a particular position; something that is taken for granted but that must be true in order for the conclusion to be true

4. Argument Task

   分析题目中的结论及论证过程，分析并指出其缺点和错误（30分钟之内完成，大约400-500词左右的篇幅）

   1. 题目结论

      1. accordingly

      2. as a result

      3. consequently

      4. evidently

      5. hence

      6. in conlusion

      7. thus

      8. therefore

      9. so

   2. 不应纠结于

      1. 所引数字的准确性

         1. Remember that any numbers, percentages, or statistics in Argument topics are used only as evidence in support of a conclusion, and you should always consider whether they actually support the conclusion.

      2. 论据的准确性与真实性

         1. You are not being asked to discuss whether the statements in the argument are true or accurate; instead, you are being asked whether conclusions and inferences are validly drawn from the statements.

   3. 重点

      1. 因果关系分析

         1. A不见得是B的理由 （A is not necessarily the reason of B）

         2. A不见得是B唯一的理由 （A is not necessarily the only reason of B）

         3. A不见得是B最重要的理由 （A is not necessarily the most significant reason of B）

      2. 另外的解释/相反的例子 (Alternative Explanation/Counter Example)

         1. Alternative Explanation

            1. A possible competing version of what might have caused the events in question; an alternative explanation undercuts or qualifies the original explanation because it too can account for the observed facts

         2. Counter Example

            1. an example, real or hypothetical, that refutes or disproves a statement in the argument

            2. 自由主题

5. ETS官方文档

   1. 下载地址：http://bit.ly/adHVI

1. 某种意义上，ETS的这种要求对中国考生来说确实太难——因为 中国考生在国内一生所接受到的教育都是“自说自话”、“自以为 是”、“无容 置疑”、“永远正确”的教育内容和教育方式，6年小 学、6年中学、4年本科莫不如是。一转16年过去，被这种教育 熏陶出来的学生多多少少都“自以为是”、 “自说自话”——尽管 这些特征都是他们曾经最为憎恨的，不过当自己变成那个德行 的时候却又以为“天经地义”，矛盾、可悲、却又不可避免。不 客气地讲，这是 一个把‘人’变成‘吸血鬼’的“吸血鬼教育”。尽管 那些“小鬼”依然缺乏自信，但也（只）极度渴望自己说出来的 话是“掷地有声”、“无容置疑”、“永远正 确”的。他们最讨厌的 就是来自他人的“质疑”，最不屑的就是“解释”、“说服”；他们 中的大多数甚至糊涂到“以为‘无需解释’是一种坚强的人生态度” 的地步……

2. 复述

3. 语言习惯

   1. 最好回避的句式

      1. “……本来/原本就是么！”

      2. “……难道就没有一点可取之处？”

      3. “时间会证明一切的！”

   2. 最好经常使用的句式

      1. ……是一回事儿，而……是另外一回事儿。

      2. ……和……其实根本不是一回事儿。

      3. ……不一定……

      4. ……。可是，这并不意味着说……

      5. ……可能还有另外一种可能性（解释）。

      6. ……看起来像……，可是……

      7. ……。而事实却可能远比看起来的更为复杂（简单）。

      8. ……。然而，（这个论断）反过来（陈述）却不一定成立……

      9. ……其实很可能与……根本就没有任何关系。

      10. ……之间不一定是单纯的因果关系，它们也可能互为因果。

      11. ……之间的比较也许没有任何意义。

      12. ……其实不过是表面现象，其背后的本质是……

      13. ……有个通常被忽略的前提。

      14. ……尽管听起来很有道理，然而却完全不现实。

      15. ……也许有人会说……，但是这种质疑却……