1. Continental Drift
   1. Evidence
      1. Geological
         1. Plate tectonic
      2. Biological
         1. Species distribution
            1. Army ant
            2. Camels
            3. Marsupials
   2. Ring of fire
2. Geological History
   1. Ice ages
      1. Factors
         1. Atmospheric composition
            1. Carbon Dioxide CO2
            2. Methane CH4
         2. Milankovitch cycles
         3. Motion of tectonic plates
      2. Last glacial period
3. Mass Extinction
   1. Oxygen catastrophe
   2. Permian-Triassic
   3. Cretaceous-Tertiary
   4. Pleistocene overkill
   5. Diversification rebound
   6. Major Events
4. Atmosphere Changes
   1. Processes
      1. Volcanic activities
      2. Chemical reactions
      3. Photosynthesis
         1. Ozone layer--protection from UV rays.
5. Central dogma
6. Origin of Life
   1. Characteristics of life
      1. Accurate replication
      2. Cell structure
      3. Metabolism
   2. Carbon
      1. Forming bonds with many other elements.
      2. Double and triple bonds.
      3. Polar and non-polar bonds.
   3. RNA came first
      1. Ribozyme
   4. Common features of all life
      1. DNA replication
      2. DNA->RNA->Protein
      3. Ribosomal machinery for protein synthesis
      4. Cellular membrane
      5. "Universal" genetic code
      6. Citric Acid Cycle
      7. Membrane-bound proteins charges ADP to ATP
   5. Miller-Urey Experiment
7. Phylogeny and the 3 Domains of Life
   1. Organic compounds
      1. Protobiont 原始生命体
         1. Progenote 始祖生物
            1. Universal commons ancestor
            2. Archaea
            3. Reasons
            4. Rate of evolution
            5. Genes
            6. Metabolic Pathway
            7. Enzyme involved in transcription and translation
            8. Eukarya
            9. Bacteria
            10. Diverse
            11. Size and shape
            12. Metabolism
            13. anaerobic
            14. aerobic
            15. Photoautotrophs
            16. Chemolithotrophs
            17. Chemoheterotrophs
            18. Nutrient cycle
            19. Sulfur
            20. Nitrogen
            21. Recombination
            22. Conjugation
            23. Transduction
            24. Transformation
            25. Speciation
            26. Recombination and Mutation
            27. Lateral gene transfer
            28. Bifurcating tree
            29. Reticulate network
            30. Genomic islands
   2. Characters between domains
      1. Nucleus
         1. N
         2. Y
         3. N
      2. Circular chromosomes
         1. Y
         2. Y
         3. N
      3. Organelle
         1. N
         2. N
         3. Y
      4. Meiosis
         1. N
         2. N
         3. Y
      5. Histones
         1. N
         2. Y
         3. Y
      6. Translation initiation
         1. F-met
         2. Met
         3. Met
      7. Peptidoglycan 肽聚糖 in cell wall
         1. Y
         2. N
         3. N
      8. Plasma membrane lipids
         1. D-glycerol
         2. D-glycerol
         3. L-glycerol
8. Endosymbionts
   1. Obligate (primary)
   2. Facultative (secondary)
   3. Bacterial origin of mitochondria and chloroplast
      1. Evidence
         1. Arise only from preexisting plastids.
         2. Have two or more membranes
         3. Have its own gene
            1. single circular molecule
            2. No histone associates with DNA
         4. Own protein synthesis machinery
            1. Antibiotics block protein synthesis
            2. Eukaryote's protein inhibitors don't work
            3. F-Met as 1st amino acid transcript
9. Animal
   1. Phylogeny
      1. Choanoflagellates (Out group)
      2. Metazoa
         1. Basal group
            1. Ctenophora (Comb jelly)
            2. Demospongia (Sponge)
            3. Cnidaria (Medusa and Polyp)
            4. Bilateria
   2. Common characteristics
      1. Eukaryotic
      2. Multicellular
      3. Heterotrophic 异养的
      4. Lack cell wall
      5. Motile (at some life stage)
      6. Most have muscle and nervous tissue
      7. Life cycle with diploid phase dominant
      8. Monophyletic group
   3. Cambrian Explosion
   4. Origin
      1. Choanoflagellates
      2. Animals
         1. Cadherins 钙粘素
   5. Germ layer
      1. Diploblast
      2. Triploblast
   6. Protostomes
      1. Ecdysozoa 蜕皮动物
         1. Arthropods 节肢动物
         2. Nematodes 线虫
      2. Spiralia 腕螺
         1. Mollusc 软体动物
         2. Annelid 环节动物
         3. Brachiopod 腕足动物
         4. Platyhelminthes 扁形动物
   7. Deuterostomes
      1. Echinorderm 棘皮动物
      2. Chordate 脊索动物
         1. Cephalochordata 头索动物
         2. Lancelets 蛞蝓
         3. Urochordata 尾索动物
         4. Tunicate 被囊动物 (Sea squirt)
         5. Craniata 脊椎动物
         6. Hagfish
         7. Vertebrate
         8. Lamprey 七鳃鳗
         9. Gnathostomes 有颌类
         10. Neoteny 幼态持续
   8. Living on land
      1. Air breathing
      2. Stable, moveable structure
      3. Limbs
      4. Desiccation 干燥
   9. Adaptive radiation
      1. Ecological opportunity
      2. Speciation
      3. Adaptive divergence
   10. Stem forms