1. Doug L Tyler Y Umika B
  2. Scientific Method
    1. Make Observations
    2. Hypothesis
      1. Inductive
      2. Must be falsifiable
    3. Design Experiment
      1. Deductive
    4. Examine Results
      1. Consider Hypothesis
    5. Reach Conclusion
      1. Ensure that you do not change data to match hypothesis
    6. Peer Review & Publish
      1. Research must be reviewed by peers in the field
  3. Atoms
    1. Theories
      1. Dalton
        1. Theories in Red have been disproven
          1. All matter consists of atoms.
          2. All atoms of the element are identical in mass, size, shape, and in other properties.
          3. Atoms cannot be created or destroyed.
          4. Atoms of different elements may combine with to form compound atoms.
          5. Atoms of same element can combine in more than one ratio to form two or more compounds.
    2. Reactions
      1. Chemical
        1. Rearrangment of atoms and bonds
          1. New bonds release energy
          2. Nuclei move but don't change
        2. Just the electrons change
      2. Nuclear
        1. Nuclei of atoms, due to nucleon rearrangement change into other nuclei
          1. Proton change means element changes
          2. When nucleons change energy is released
      3. Fusion
        1. Nuclei collide. Making new atomic nucleus
      4. Fission
        1. Breaking up of unstable large nuclei
      5. Radiation
        1. 3 types of Emissions
          1. Alpha
          2. High energy particles. Low penetration rate
          3. Radium-226, Radon-222
          4. Beta
          5. Moderate penetration. Internally harmful.
          6. Stronium-90, Cesium-137
          7. Gamma
          8. High penetration electromagnetic radiation.
          9. Materials are needed for shielding
          10. Cobalt-60, Iodine-131
    3. Mass
      1. Protons and Neutrons make mass of atom
    4. Made up of...
      1. Nucleus,Electron, Neutrons, Electrons, Protons
  4. Fuels
    1. Fossil Fuels
      1. Coal
      2. Oil
      3. Gas
      4. Greenhouse Effect
        1. Normal. Without it Earth would be in an Ice Age
    2. Biomass Fuels
      1. Wood
      2. Animal Dung
    3. Renewable Resources
      1. Wind Power
      2. Solar power
      3. Hydro Power
    4. Nuclear Fuels
      1. Uranium
      2. Subtopic 2
    5. Global Warming
      1. Intensified by human activities.
        1. Activities include such things as industrialization and deforestation
  5. 3 Kinds
    1. Oceanic - Continental
      1. O.C crust subducts under Continental crust
        1. Tends to produce "blow" volcanoes
    2. Oceanic - Oceanic
      1. Oceanic Plates push against each other. One eventually subducts the other
        1. Produces "flow" type volcanic islands
    3. Continental - Continental
      1. Collision causes buckling and compression.
        1. Creates mountains
    4. Koch's Postulates
      1. For a particular microbe to be responsible for a disease, it must be found in every diseased individual examined and be absent from healthy individuals
      2. The microbe must be isolated and grown outside of the patient’s body
      3. When the microbe is introduced to a healthy animal, the animal will develop the same disease
      4. The same microbe can then be re-isolated from the experimental animal
  6. Koch's Postulates
    1. For a microbe to be responsible for a disease, it must be found in every diseased individual examined and absent in healthy individuals
    2. The microbe must be isolated and grown outside patient’s body
    3. When the microbe is introduced in healthy animal, the animal will develop the same disease
    4. The same microbe can then be re-isolated from the experimental animal
  7. Not all postulates must be met for disease to occur
  8. Diseases
    1. Caused by:
      1. Fungal
      2. Protozoan
      3. Bacterial
      4. Viral
      5. Prion
        1. Infectious protein particle
    2. Transmissions:
      1. Communicable
        1. Transmission from one host to another
          1. Not easily
          2. Ex. HIV
      2. Contagious
        1. Easily transmitted to others from host
          1. Spread through direct contact, indirect contact, air or ingestion of contaminates
          2. Ex. Measles
      3. Non-Communicable
        1. Not normally transmitted from a host
          1. Ex. Tetanus
    3. Immune System
      1. 3 Layers of defense
        1. Physical Barriers
          1. Skin and mucous membranes
          2. Endogenous
          3. Means microorganisms that originate from within
        2. Non-specific Immune Response
          1. Inflammation and fever
          2. Heat kills most general infections
        3. Specific Immune Response
          1. Antibodies
          2. White blood cells
    4. Antibiotics
      1. Targets features of bacteria that our cells do not have
        1. Minimal side effects to our own cells
          1. Must maintain certain level of antibiotics when taking.
          2. Otherwise bacteria develop resistance and continue to multiply
      2. Bacteria evolve and resist antibiotics through 2 means
        1. Mutation
          1. Chagne in the sequence of DNA
          2. All it takes in one nucleotide change in a sequence
          3. Can and often are fatal to cells
          4. However if not fatal cells develop resistance
        2. Horizontal Gene Transfer
          1. Bacterial Sex
          2. DNA transmission
          3. Evolve by obtaining DNA from other cells
          4. 3 Types
          5. Bacterial Transformation
          6. Bacterial Transduction
          7. Bacterial Conjugation
    5. Steps to prevent bacterias resistance
      1. Reduce Selective Pressure
        1. Resistant strains often die in antibiotic absence
          1. Reserve antibiotics for those who do not have viral infections
          2. High dose, short time exposure
      2. Use non-antibiotic alternatives
        1. Microfiber clothes
          1. Used in Scandanavia
          2. Destroys bacteria
        2. Sterilization through boiling
        3. alternaitves cleaning items in houses
      3. Reduce antibiotic use in agriculture
        1. House livestock and meat in less dense conditions. This prevents resistant strains, but may mean paying more for products
      4. Develop new antibiotics. Reserve them for resistant strains
      5. Patient Education
        1. Educate people that demanding antibiotics is increasing resistant strains
          1. Promote good handwashing techniques
  9. Floating Topic
  10. MATH
    1. Carbon Dating
      1. Aging of Dinosour Bones
    2. Decay Rate
      1. How long something has been "dead"
    3. Seismic Waves
  11. SCIENTIFIC METHOD: A method of research in which a problem is identified, relevant data are gathered, a hypothesis is formulated from these data, and the hypothesis is empirically tested.
    1. Science
      1. Scientific Investigation
        1. Peer Reviewed
          1. Other Research
          2. New Discoveries
          3. Primary Research
          4. Peer Reviewed Scientific Journals
          5. Popular Science Magazines
          6. Popular Press
          7. Research Review Article
          8. Textbooks
      2. Mass Media
        1. Popular Press Articles
          1. Untrue / False Data
          2. Panic
          3. Mass Hysteria
        2. Newspaper Articles
          1. One sided Opinion
        3. Transformation: Publicized false information put into the public by the media
      3. Discoveries
        1. Microscope
          1. Electron Microscope
          2. Uses accelerated electrons to illuminate slide
          3. Before microscope it was believed that disease was caused by evil spirits, miasma or bad blood
          4. Living Substances
          5. Allows you to view
          6. Bacteria
          7. Created by Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
        2. Penicillin
          1. Antibiotic
        3. Bacteria
      4. Scientific Inquiry
        1. Descriptive
          1. Cataloguing insects in the Rainforest
          2. Detecting stars in the Solar systems
        2. Comparative
          1. Understanding correlation of phenomenons which cannot be experimentally manipulated.
          2. Compares 2 variables looking for relationships
        3. Experimentation
          1. Researcher forms hypothesis
          2. Manipulate the variable of interest
          3. Records / Analyze results
          4. Make conclusions based on results
  12. Units and measurements
    1. Observations
      1. Qualitative
        1. Descriptive
          1. Subjective
          2. No numbers
      2. Quantitative
        1. No descriptions
          1. Objective
          2. Uses numbers / statistics
    2. Reasoning
      1. Inductive
        1. Make Hypothesis
      2. Deductive
        1. Test Hypothesis
    3. Sampling
      1. Random
        1. Every Ind. has an equal chance of being represented
      2. Systematic
        1. Sampling based on pattern. Usually through a computer. Ex. every 3rd person is picked
      3. Convenience
        1. Readily accessible sampling for the researchers. Ex. Undergrad students for a Psychology class
      4. Stratified
        1. Protocol identifies subgroups of population
          1. Identifies samples from said subgroups
    4. Bias
      1. Selection Bias
        1. Researchers select participants for the study
      2. Participation Bias
        1. Individuals volunteer for the study.
          1. May have ulterior motives foir being involved in the study
      3. Confirmation Bias
        1. Individuals interpret information in order to substantiate their hypothesis
      4. Funding Bias
        1. Bias based on the financers opinion or potential gain
      5. Publication Bias
        1. Journal or Editor rejects piece for publication based on results
  13. Disasters
    1. Man Made
      1. Nuclear Reactor meltdown
        1. Nuclear Fallout
          1. Chernobyl.
          2. Happened because of partial containment systems
          3. Produced more energy when it overheated. New reactors produce less energy when overheating
          4. Radioactive waste can have half lives of thousands of years
    2. Natural
      1. Volcanoes
        1. Active
          1. Has erupted in recent history
          2. Mt. St. Helens
        2. Extinct
          1. May erupt again, but has not in recent history
          2. Yellowstone
        3. Dormant
          1. Little t chance of erupting again
          2. Mt. Kilimanjaro
        4. Eruption Types
          1. Blow
          2. Spewing Lava
          3. Mt. St. Helens
          4. Flow
          5. Oozing Lava
          6. Hawaiian Volcanoes
        5. Eruptions
      2. Hurricanes
      3. Tsunami
        1. Waves and Coastal Damage
          1. Caused Reactor shutdown in Fukushima, Japan
          2. Evacuation happened in time. No one was exposed to radiation
      4. Earthquakes
        1. P Waves and S waves
        2. Magnitude
          1. Richter Scale
          2. Measures Energy Release
        3. Intensity
          1. Mercalli Scale
          2. Measures Physical Damage
  14. Plate Tectonics
    1. Kinds
      1. Convergent Plates
        1. Move Together
          1. Forms volcanoes and creates earthquakes
      2. Divergent Plates
        1. Move Apart
          1. Formed Iceland
      3. Transform Plates
        1. Move against each other
          1. Formed San Andreas fault
    2. Continental Drift
      1. Land bridges (FALSE)
      2. World was one continent called Pangea. Continents fit like a Jigsaw Puzzle.